| In this issue.... |
5 October 2007 |
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Volume 26, Issue 1260 |
News Summaries
AWEA News/Advertisements
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Airtricity’s North American Business Bought by German Utility E.ON |
Irish wind farm developer and operator Airtricity announced October 4 that it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its North American business unit to E.ON AG in a $1.4 billion deal.
Airtricity said the transaction is the culmination of a process begun in May to examine strategic and financing alternatives for its North American business unit. According to reports, the company began the process, which was facilitated by Credit Suisse and NCB Stockbrokers, intending to bring onboard a large minority investor. The process, Airtricity said in the news release announcing the sale, generated “significant investor interest.”
Airtricity, which initiated wind power development activities in North America in 2003, only recently began to ramp up its operations and bear fruit from its development work on this side of the Atlantic. It did not bring online its first U.S. wind farm, the Forest Creek facility in Texas, until April of this year.
“Bringing our first North American project online is a major milestone for Airtricity, and is part of major expansion plans for Airtricity in the U.S. and Texas,” Airtricity CEO Eddie O'Connor said at the time.
At this point, Airtricity North America operates approximately 210 MW of installed wind farm capacity with an additional 880 MW of projects expected to be operational by the end of 2008. The company is currently active in nine states with an emphasis in Texas and the Northeast and has more than 1,000 MW of projects in advanced development stages, in addition to more than 5,000 MW in early development.
“The acquisition marks our entry into the world’s most attractive renewables market,” said Lutz Feldmann, head of renewables at E.ON. “Continuity is our prime concern for the integration of Airtricity North America into the E.ON Group, which is why we will continue to rely on the company’s management under the leadership of [CEO] Declan Flanagan.”
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DOE Designates Southwest, Mid-Atlantic ‘National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors |
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Assistant Secretary for Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Kevin M. Kolevar on October 2 announced DOE’s designation of two of its “National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors”: the Mid-Atlantic Area National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor, and the Southwest Area National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor.
The action gives federal regulators ultimate authority to approve new transmission lines traveling through the highly congested areas. The designations are authorized by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which directs DOE to identify transmission congestion problems and designate “national interest” corridors for transmission in geographic areas where congestion is adversely affecting consumers.
Generally speaking, the designation of such corridors is important to the development of wind energy because such corridors can help link wind resources with load centers. “While these are not the specific corridors to wind-rich areas that AWEA recommended, to grow the industry past 50-100 GW, we will need transmission not only out of such areas but all the way to load centers, and these corridors will facilitate that development,” said AWEA Policy Director Rob Gramlich.
The Mid-Atlantic and Southwest corridors include areas in two of the nation’s most populous regions with growing electricity congestion problems. The Mid-Atlantic corridor spans from Virginia and West Virginia to New York. The Southwest corridor covers all of Southern California and parts of Arizona. California utilities are working toward a state renewable electricity standard of 20% renewables by 2010—a benchmark dependent in part on adequate transmission.
For further information, including the complete National Electric Transmission Congestion Report and the maps, go to http://www.nietc.anl.gov .
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Westar to take 300 MW from Horizon, BP, RES projects |
Utility Westar Energy announced it has reached agreements with developers related to three wind farms in Kansas totaling approximately 300 MW, with all facilities producing power by the end of next year.
The agreements represent a $500 million-plus commitment to wind power in the state and will make Westar’s wind energy program the largest in Kansas, the company said. In addition, Westar has indicated it will seek an additional 200 MW to be available by the end of 2010; the company filed with the Kansas Corporation Commission (KCC) a request for predetermination of the ratemaking principles associated with those investments.
“It’s exciting to see our state’s largest utility getting involved in wind,” said Jim Ploger, manager of climate and energy programs at the Kansas Energy Office. With some 600,000 meters on its system, Westar serves about half the state’s population. Ploger noted that the announcement “gets us up to about 864 MW” in terms of announced and online projects; he added that he anticipated the state will surpass 1,000 MW by the end of the year, with Kansas City Power & Light likely announcing more wind megawatts sometime in the fall.
“In January, Governor [Kathleen] Sebelius (D), called on the utilities of Kansas to invest in clean renewable energy as a way of making the state more energy independent,” said Westar Energy President and CEO Bill Moore. “Westar Energy is committed to providing customers with reliable electric energy at a reasonable price and to do so while continuing to be good stewards of the environment. Our proposed wind energy plan recognizes these important commitments.”
Westar’s filing with the KCC indicates that the wind resources, coupled with Westar’s existing generating portfolio, allow it to defer the need to build another coal plant for the time being.
The agreement involves three facilities. Central Plains Wind Farm, a 99-MW project in Wichita County to be developed by RES America Developments, Inc.; Westar will own that facility’s generation. Westar will purchase under contract 96 MW from Horizon Wind Energy’s Meridian Way Wind Farm in Cloud County. Finally the Flat Ridge Wind Farm, a proposed 100-MW project in Barber County, is being developed by BP Alternative Energy (via its subsidiary, Flat Ridge Wind Energy, LLC). Westar will own 50 MW of power generation and will purchase the facility’s remaining 50 MW under a power purchase agreement.
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Texas CREZ Plan Could Become National Model |
The Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) on October 2 issued an interim final order in its high-profile “CREZ” case, designating five “Competitive Renewable Energy Zones” in West Texas and the Texas Panhandle and authorizing development of transmission lines needed to deliver electricity produced in those windy areas to customers throughout Texas.
The interim order essentially puts into writing and hammers out further details to what the PUCT agreed on when it met in July (see Wind Energy Weekly#1249). A final order, transmission plan, and budget are still pending before the PUCT but are expected to be finalized in early 2008.
CREZs are Texas’s designation, for transmission planning purposes, for suitable land possessing a renewable resource. CREZs are viewed as a potential national model to solve the “chicken-or-the-egg” transmission dilemma in which wind power developers are reluctant to build projects in areas that have strong wind resources but lack transmission, while transmission developers do not want to put in lines to such wind-rich areas without any generation facilities present. The order could enable construction of up to 22,800 MW of new wind power in Texas. The CREZ model has already been embraced by California and Colorado, with additional Western states also considering its use.
“While many states are talking about ways to bring more clean energy to customers and improve air quality, Texas is doing it,” said Mike Sloan, managing consultant of the Wind Coalition. “ Texas' proactive transmission process is drawing a lot of attention; we expect the CREZ process to become a model for the nation.”
The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) has initiated a “Transmission Optimization Study” to develop options for delivering wind power from the five CREZ zones to customers throughout the ERCOT power grid, including Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Total wind capacity served in ERCOT’s studies, from both new and existing projects, will range from 10,000 MW to 22,800 MW. Each megawatt of wind provides enough electricity to power approximately 225 Texas-sized homes, the Wind Coalition said.
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Summit Reflects Collaborative Spirit on Transmission in West |
In an event underscoring the growing understanding of transmission’s importance, Governors Dave Freudenthal (D-Wyo.) and Bill Ritter (D-Colo.) headlined a regional summit in Fort Collins, Colo., aimed at increasing access to the Western electric grid for wind and other renewable energy sources.
The event, sponsored by the Western Governors’ Association, National Wind Coordinating Collaborative, and Geothermal Energy Association, brought together not only governors but the necessary array of stakeholders needed to move initiatives forward. For example, one panel, which was moderated by the two governors and focused on public policies and business strategies to enhance energy and climate security, included Commissioner Jon Wellinghoff of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Utilities President Pat Vincent of Public Service Company of New Mexico, Utilities Group President Paul Bonavia of Xcel Energy, and Commissioner Marsha Smith of the Idaho Public Utilities Commission.
The group highlighted the need for more transmission, supportive state and federal policies, market structures that work to support renewables, and regulators cooperating across state lines. “We got the expressions of support we wanted from political, corporate, and regulatory leaders, and a strong indication from the CEO of the California Independent System Operator [Yakout Mansour] that California will need renewable energy from the rest of the West,” said AWEA Western Regional Representative Ron Lehr.
“One of the most exciting things to come out of the summit is simply the fact that Colorado is now actively engaged in the regional planning process,” said Interwest Energy Alliance Executive Director Craig Cox. Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico, noted Cox, all have infrastructure authorities in place working on transmission (Wyoming Infrastructure Authority, New Mexico Renewable Energy Transmission Authority, and Colorado Clean Energy Development Authority). “This augurs well for wind export policies, for one,” said Cox, speaking to Wind Energy Weekly. He added that Lehr facilitated introductions among the leaders of the three infrastructure authorities at the conference, raising their awareness of the tremendous export potential of these three states.
Exemplifying the need for interstate cooperation and sound export policies, one proposed transmission line, the High Plains Express project, would link wind resources in Wyoming with load centers in Arizona and other parts of the rapidly growing desert Southwest, passing through eastern Colorado and New Mexico along the way. “That project offers tremendous opportunities for wind, if done right,” said Cox.
Among other summit highlights, the program also covered current integration study efforts and results and took a look at current Western transmission plans.
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Reid Calls on D.O.D to Act on Wind-Radar Issue |
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D) asked Defense Secretary Robert Gates to get the military to cut through red-tape concerning the siting of wind power in areas where radars are present, so that stalled projects in Reid’s home state of Nevada can move forward, according to the senator and reports out of Nevada.
According to Reid, Gates now understands the bureaucracy that has caused delays in wind projects, costing developers time and money. “Let’s have someone make a decision and not give people the run-around for months and months and months,” said Reid.
It has been discovered that some wind turbines can affect radar systems, but thousands of wind turbines generating electricity nationwide demonstrate that impacts can be, and have been, mitigated through measures such as relocating turbines or upgrading radar systems. In many case-by-case instances, models of wind industry-military cooperation on these issues have been shown to work; the wind industry also collaborates with various stakeholders on many other siting concerns, and has shown a consistent openness to such an approach.
“Wind farms are currently located near or even on military installations in the U.S.,” noted said AWEA Communications and Policy Specialist Laurie Jodziewicz. “So, while there can be some concerns at specific locations, we know they have been overcome in some places. The wind industry is ready to work with military facilities to mitigate impacts where appropriate.”
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With More Wind Coming Online, Xcel Energy Baseload Plans Suspended |
Acknowledging that wind may reduce baseload requirements, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (PUC) on September 28 suspended Xcel Energy's planned acquisition of baseload generation as a result of new renewables and demand-side management (energy efficiency) legislation passed earlier this year by the Minnesota legislature.
Xcel Energy argued before the PUC that use of the additional generation sources identified in the utility’s PUC-approved 2004 integrated resource plan—that is, hydropower from Manitoba, Canada, and nuclear plant upgrades—may no longer be prudent in light of aggressive legislation passed in Minnesota this year. Under the legislation, Xcel Energy must supply 30% of its retail sales from renewable energy by 2020, with wind supplying at least 25%. In addition, the legislature also requires Xcel Energy to make a transition from a spending-based requirement to a comprehensive goal of saving 1.5% of electric sales beginning in 2010.
Xcel Energy asserted that according to its analysis, “[C]learly there will be periods when available wind energy will supplant base-load resources to meet our customers’ energy needs.” Its preliminary information, Xcel Energy said, “calls into question the projected need for the 375 MW of base load capacity identified in our 2004 Resource Plan (as opposed to intermediate or peaking capacity) and may affect the cost-effectiveness of other resource acquisitions identified in that plan.”
The PUC concurred with Xcel Energy’s arguments, ruling that the baseload acquisition process should be temporarily suspended and directing the utility to prepare a plan to resolve the temporarily suspended procedures. The proposed resolution of the delayed acquisition and a new resource plan must be filed by December 14.
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American Superconductor, TECO Westinghouse Team Up on Vision for 10-MW Generator for Wind Application |
American Superconductor Corp. and generator manufacturer TECO-Westinghouse Motor Co. (TWMC), formed a research joint venture to develop high-temperature superconductor (HTS) and related technologies for high-power, direct-drive wind generators of up to 10 MW that would be intended for offshore use.
Direct-drive wind generator systems utilizing HTS wire instead of copper wire for the generator's rotor are expected to be much smaller, lighter, and more efficient than conventional generators and gearboxes, thus shrinking systems down to allow for a much larger-capacity turbine. The net effect is expected to be a lower cost of energy of wind-generated electricity, particularly for offshore wind farms. AMSC and TWMC also announced that they have received an award from the National Institute of Science and Technology's (NIST) Advanced Technology Program (ATP), which is providing $3.4 million in funding toward the $6.8 million research project to be conducted under the joint venture.
The 30-month cost-shared research project to be conducted by the joint venture with NIST funding calls for the development of new HTS wire and coil technologies that will help enable the design and manufacture of 10-MW class, direct-drive AC synchronous generators for off-shore wind turbines. Speaking to Wind Energy Weekly, AMSC Director of Investor and Media Relations Jason Fredette said that at the end of the 30-month period, the technology should be ready for creation of a generator prototype and subsequent deployment. “We’ll have all the technology we’ll need to begin manufacturing,” he said. “It shouldn’t take too long to begin manufacturing these systems and get them out in the field.”
While the companies are contributing resources and funding for the project, Fredette called the NIST money “a new source of funding to help us get off the ground.”
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RFP: Sierra Pacific Resources Seeks Renewables
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Sierra Pacific Resources’ two Nevada-based utility subsidiaries, Nevada Power Company and Sierra Pacific Power Company, have issued a request for proposals (RFP) for renewable energy resources. Proposals will be considered for the following types of renewable energy: wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and other resources eligible for portfolio energy credits under the Nevada renewable portfolio standard. Responses to the RFP are due back by November 13.
The RFP is consistent with the companies' ongoing plan to be ahead of the goals of legislation requiring an increasing percentage of the electricity provided by Nevada Power Co., and Sierra Pacific Power Co., to come from renewable sources, Sierra Pacific said. The current standard calls for 20% of all the companies' power to come from renewable sources or energy efficiency measures by 2015. Parties interested in submitting a response to the RFP, or those seeking more information related to the RFP or renewable energy laws, should go to Sierra Pacific Resources' Web sites at www.nevadapower.com/company/RFPs/renewable/index.cfm
The companies have also set up an RFP email address, RenewablesRFP@nevadapower.com , for distribution of information related to the RFP and to allow uniform communication to all respondents during the RFP process.
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Solicitation of Interest: Hawaiian Electric Prepares for RFP |
Hawaiian Electric Co., has issued a solicitation of interest seeking developers who are interested in entering a competitive bidding process to supply added renewable energy to Oahu’s power grid. Subject to approval from the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission (PUC), Hawaiian Electric then plans to follow up with a formal request for proposals (RFP).
The proposed RFP is anticipated to ask bidders to submit base proposals for their project to provide 100 MW of non-firm renewable energy; the RFP may also allow bidders to submit additional alternate larger proposals or subsequent phased increments of more renewable energy. Assuming the PUC approves Hawaiian Electric’s plans, the company intends to submit a draft RFP to the PUC by the end of the year. In keeping with the competitive bidding requirements of the PUC, the utility will then hold a technical conference to discuss the draft RFP with interested parties, including potential bidders. Parties interested in the solicitation of interest can obtain more information at http://generationbidding.heco.com .
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Report looks at wind power financing structures
A number of different financing structures have been developed in recent years to help fund the rapid expansion of the wind power sector in the U.S., notes a report recently released by Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Those structures feature varying combinations of equity capital from project developers and third-party tax-oriented investors, and in some cases commercial debt. While their origins stem from variations in the financial capacity and business objectives of wind project developers, as well as the risk tolerances and objectives of equity and debt providers, each structure is, at its core, designed to manage project risk and allocate federal tax incentives to those entities that can use them most efficiently, according to the report.
The new Berkeley Lab report aims to provide a better understanding of these complex structures. "Wind Project Financing Structures: A Review & Comparative Analysis",can be downloaded at:
http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/emp/reports/63434.pdf . For more information on the report, contact Mark Bolinger, email MABolinger@lbl.gov, phone 603-795-4937, or Matt Karcher, email karcher@deaconharbor.com, phone 972-739-0242.
Texas awards competitive wind leases
Jerry Patterson, commissioner of the Texas General Land Office, awarded the first four competitively bid leases for offshore wind power in the nation's history.
"The Texas Wind Rush is on, and the pioneers are staking their claims," Patterson said. "And wherever there are pioneers, the settlers soon follow."
The leases, awarded to Wind Energy Systems Technology (W.E.S.T.,LLC), allow work to begin immediately on the construction of meterorological testing towers on each of the four tracts. The company is currently collecting data for a wind farm off the coast of Galveston.
NRG Systems named top workplace
NRG Systems has been named a 2007 Top Small Workplace by the Wall Street Journal and Winning Workplaces. The company was recognized for its innovative workforce practices and benefits that have created a strong organizational culture and promote environmental consciousness among its employees. In addition to working in a gold LEED-certified “green” manufacturing facility, which has been nationally recognized for its healthy, energy-efficient, and environmental design, NRG employees enjoy nontraditional benefits that encourage them to live lightly on the planet, the company noted. Employees receive cash incentives up to $2,300 per year for purchasing hybrid vehicles, installing renewable energy systems, and making energy efficiency improvements to their homes. NRG employees also participate in a monthly cash profit sharing program, which has provided up to 35% above their base level of pay. Longer term employees are eligible for a paid six-week sabbatical at ten years of service (and every five thereafter).
The company employs a strategic team approach to hiring to ensure that prospective employees have a values alignment with the organization. In 2006, NRG reported a 98.3% employee retention rate.
Pennsylvania county: powered by wind
Montgomery County , PECO, and wind power marketer Community Energy officials announced a 29 million-kWh wind energy purchase that will power all county facilities. The purchase ranks among the top 10 largest green power commitments by a U.S. governmental body, according to the county. About 5% of the wind purchase will be provided by PECO Wind.
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Focus on Fall Symposium: Audubon President, Others to Address Wind and Wildlife Solutions |
Wildlife concerns often grab headlines when they’re related to wind energy. The subject can be fraught with emotion on all sides, and it can be difficult to chart a clear path ahead that will make all parties happy. This is why a number of key stakeholders will soon be coming together in Carlsbad, Calif.—to talk about ways to overcome such difficulties and forge agreements so as to allow both wind energy and wildlife to flourish.
Methods to build trust and create agreement among stakeholders will be the focus of one panel at the AWEA Wind Energy Fall Symposium, which takes place November 1-2, 2007 in Carlsbad. John Flicker, president of the National Audubon Society, will lead off the discussion. The threat posed by global warming to wildlife and to the planet as a whole provides a compelling new impetus for wind industry companies to collaborate with wildlife groups and encourage environmentally responsible development of projects.
The panel (Friday, 3:30-5:30) will discuss some of the latest wind-wildlife developments. John Calaway of Babcock and Brown, will describe the process underway in Texas, and David Stout, chief of the Division of Habitat and Resource Conservation at the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and leader of the effort to establish a federal advisory committee on national wildlife issues guidance, will address efforts at the national level.
Wayne Walker, formerly of Horizon Wind Energy and vice chair of AWEA’s Siting Committee, will discuss the work he and others have led for the past year to proactively address wildlife concerns through a national wind-wildlife institute. This groundbreaking effort, which involves the collaboration of government agencies, wind energy companies, and non-governmental environmental organizations, is gaining support from all sides and provides the opportunity for “win-win(d )” solutions for both the wind industry and wildlife interests.
For more information on the AWEA Wind Energy Fall Symposium, go to http://www.awea.org/events/symposium07/ .
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Announcement: WINDPOWER Exhibitor Meeting Set for January 8
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ATTENTION ALL WINDPOWER 2008 EXHIBITORS…
Important notice…the Exhibitor Meeting will be held on January 8, 2008 in Houston, Texas at the George R Brown Convention Center, so save the date! The Exhibitor Meeting provides a great opportunity to meet the teams that you’ll be interacting with for the WINDPOWER exhibition. You’ll see the convention center first hand, have opportunities to set appointments with the teams, visit reception venues and book meeting rooms. Watch your in-box for more details as invitations will be sent in November to your main Exhibition contact person.
Questions? Please contact Lori Rugh at lrugh@awea.org
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Announcement: Hotel Discount for Fall Symposium Expires October 10 |
Fall Symposium Hotel Discount Expiration Alert! Please note that the discounted rate for the La Costa Resort expires on October 10th. After this date, if the AWEA discounted block has been booked, you may be charged a higher rate. If you need more information regarding the hotel, please visit the event website at http://www.awea.org/events/symposium07/ then click on the “Hotel & Travel” button.
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Announcement: Sponsorships Sold Out at Fall Symposium |
Due to the overwhelming demand, the Sponsorship opportunities for our premier Fall Symposium are now SOLD OUT! Opportunities for 2008 sponsorship will be posted to the AWEA website by the end of October. Should you have additional questions, please feel free to contact Lori Rugh at lrugh@awea.org
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AWEA Wind Resource & Project Energy Assessment Workshop
September 18-19, 2007
Portland, Ore.
AWEA Wind Power Finance & Investment Workshop
October 10-11, 2007
New York, N.Y.
AWEA Wind Energy Fall Symposium
November 1-2, 2007
Carlsbad, Calif.
AWEA Wind Power Health and Safety Seminar
November 8, 2007
Atlanta, GA
AWEA Wind Power Asset Management Workshop
January 17 – 18, 2008
San Diego, CA
AWEA Wind Project Siting Workshop
February 14 – 15, 2008
Austin, TX
AWEA and CanWEA Wind & Transmission Workshop
March 18 – 19, 2008
Detroit, MI
WINDPOWER 2008 Conference & Exhibition
June 1 – 4, 2008
Houston , Texas
www.windpowerexpo.org
For more information, visit www.awea.org/events .
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AMERICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION
1101 14TH Street NW, 12th Floor
Washington, DC 20005
Phone: (202) 383-2500
Fax: (202) 383-2505
Web: http://www.awea.org
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American Wind
Energy Association
1101 14th Street NW
12th Flloor
Washington, DC 20005
Tel: 202.383.2500
Fax: 202.383.2505
eMail: windmail@awea.org
AWEA Staff
Randall Swisher
Executive Director
Greg Wetstone
Senior Director of Government and Public Affairs
Tom Gray
Director of Communications
Mary Childress
Finance and Administration Director
Rob Gramlich
Policy Director
Stephen Miner
Conference & Education Director
Jaime Steve
Legislative Affairs Director
Britt Theismann
Membership Director
Jeff Anthony
Manager of Utility Programs and Policy
Kathy Belyeu
Manager of Industry Information
Services
Stefanie Brown
Deputy Director, Exhibition & Meetings
Marissa Bundy
Conference & Education Assistant
Tiffany Currie
Senior Staff Accountant
John Dunlop
Senior Outreach Representative
Sakura Emerine
Conference Program Manager
Mary Kate Francis
Administrative Associate
Amy Gaddis
Membership Services Associate
Laurie Jodziewicz
Communications & Policy Specialist
Carl Levesque
Communications Editor
Carlene McGriggs
Receptionist
Garrett Michael
Staff Accountant
Gina Miller
Public Information Specialist
Katie Miller
Database & Systems Administrator
Lisa Murphy
Deputy Finance Director
Elesha Peterson Carr
Workshop & Meetings Coordinator
Bree Raum
Manager of Grassroots Advocacy and WindPAC
Christine Real de Azua
Assistant Director of Communications
Lori Rugh
Exhibitor, Sponsorship
& Marketing Manager
Liz Salerno
Manager of Policy Analysis
Aaron Severn
Legislative Representative
Susan Williams Sloan Communications Specialist
Ron Stimmel
Small-Wind Advocate
Michele Sullivan
Assistant Director of Membership Services
Mike Swinburne
Conference Administrative Associate
Wendy White
Web Manager
Mike Wiener
Web & eCommerce Services Associate
Monica Wolfe
Conference Program Associate
William York
Staff Accountant
Consultant:
Ron Lehr
AWEA Western Regional Representative
Wind Energy Weekly editorial contact: Carl Levesque, email clevesque@awea.org
Subscription rate: complimentary to AWEA business members or $595 per year. To order subscription or for advertising rates, contact AWEA at (202) 383-2500. Send address changes to windmail@AWEA.org. The WIND ENERGY WEEKLY is published weekly, 50 times per year.No portion of the AWEA materials posted on or hypertext linked to the web site may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes, including but not limited to promoting any third party product or service, without AWEA's prior written consent..
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