Riding the wind: electric cars, smart charging could expand wind opportunity
In a new report, researchers at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) find that electric vehicles — increasingly available to consumers in today's marketplace — could help operators more seamlessly add more renewable energy sources like wind into the Pacific Northwest's energy grid. The Northwest increasingly is looking to add more wind power to meet growing energy demands and policy requirements to tap more renewable energy sources.
According to the report, the future Northwest power system would be able to better utilize variable wind energy if about 13 percent, or about 2.1 million, of vehicles in seven Northwest states were plug-in electric models and equipped with Grid Friendly™ charging technology. The study also found that consumers would need to have the ability to charge their vehicles during the day, and a small percentage of charging stations would need to be available publicly or at the workplace.
The report examined grid conditions in the Northwest Power Pool, which covers Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming; many of them home to abundant wind resources and wind energy projects. In particular, the PNNL report examined the implications of adding another 10 Gigawatts of wind to the region's grid by 2019, which policies such as the state Renewable Portfolio Standards require.
"Electric vehicles, coupled with grid-friendly charging, offers a great opportunity, right now, to help electric companies integrate additional windpower into our electric system," said Michael Kintner-Meyer, PNNL staff scientist and study co-author.
Many people think of electric vehicles as electricity consumers. But the PNNL researchers say a partially charged vehicle sitting at work or at home represents a potential asset for grid operators; the ability of multiple vehicles to start and stop charging--to adjust for any incremental variability wind power would add to the already large fluctuations in electricity supply and demand --could serve as a "shock absorber" for the electric utility system. To explore the feasibility of using electric vehicles to balance a power system with a large amount of wind power, the researchers looked at the driving habits of about 37,000 people — at home, at work or in transit.
They determined 2.1 million light-duty electric vehicles with a 33-mile electric range could accommodate all of the incremental variability associated with integrating 10 GW of additional wind generating capacity in the region. In that scenario, about 13 percent of the existing light-duty vehicle stock in the Northwest would go electric. Currently there are only a small number of electric vehicles on the road, but the number is expected to increase now that major automobile manufacturers are selling plug-in electric vehicles such as the Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf.
(The study did not examine other potential methods of increasing the flexibility of the grid and facilitating the integration of wind energy, many of which are already occurring, such as 1. implementing grid operating reforms such as improved balancing area coordination, faster scheduling and dispatch intervals, greater use of markets, increased use of wind energy forecasting, etc., 2. displacing less flexible coal generation with more flexible gas generation, and 3. using demand response resources. It is important to note that the study does not claim that electric vehicles are the only means of integrating a large quantity of wind, and in reality these other ongoing power system changes are likely to be major factors in integrating additional wind energy.)
The researchers also estimated the ratio of public-to-residential charging stations needed to fully absorb the additional variability from wind power, and found that not many nonresidential stations are needed. Based upon existing transportation and driving data, the PNNL team determined approximately one of every 10 new charging stations will need to be available to the public or located at the workplace to offer the majority of balancing services to the grid 24/7 if Grid Friendly charging technology is used. And the team notes there are other public and consumer reasons to make access to public charging stations available beyond the need for integrating renewable energy.
Rather than charging a vehicle at a constant rate, Grid Friendly technology can recognize grid conditions and constantly vary the rate at which the battery is charged, based upon a variety of factors, including how much electricity is being generated at any given time. In doing so, variability on the grid could be absorbed by a fleet of vehicles starting or stopping their charging cycle, rather than requiring new power plants to provide that balancing service.
"We don't need to wait for vehicle-to-grid, or V2G, services, which would require that the electricity would be released back into the grid," said Kintner-Meyer. "We could perform grid-friendly charging now that would provide valuable services to the grid for integrating wind energy."
Kintner-Meyer says the study findings should also help utilities, businesses and municipalities who are considering installing public charging stations understand the capital costs needed. Of course, public charging would also lessen range anxiety — the concern drivers of electric vehicles have about being stranded on the road with an empty battery, Kintner-Meyer notes.
"By using electric vehicles to support additional wind power in the Northwest, and reducing the need to build new power plants to support it, we could potentially defray some of the cost for both electrifying our transportation system and integrating wind technology into the grid, driving down our regional dependence on imported oil, as well as vehicle emissions," said Kintner-Meyer.
This research was funded by the Department of Energy.
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